North Korea s Current Day Issues - 1074 Words

When someone says North Korea, what do you think of? Many think of the controversial politics, their controversial leader, or even the controversial movie, â€Å"The Interview.† The majority of people don’t tend to think about the country’s geography, or how North Korea’s history shaped its future. Today’s media tends to focus on the actions of Kim Jong-Un. Politics are a huge part of North Korea, but so are its history, economy and its geography. By analyzing these four features of the country, we can see how they relate to North Korea’s current day issues. (Perfect introduction!) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY North Korea is in the northernmost region of the Korean peninsula. A peninsula is a strip of land surrounded by water on three sides. The Bay of†¦show more content†¦(www.worldatlas.com) ECONOMIC SYSTEM The economical system of North Korea is known as a strict command economy. This means that the government is in full control of the market. They determine what goods should be produced, how many goods should be produced, and the price of the products. After the Korean War, North Korea focused heavily on industrial development. This gave them a boost in metal manufacturing. In the modern day, North Korea now focuses on improving their military through heavy government spending. This spending along with other economic setbacks, such as international debt, have North Korea’s economy on a stable decline with short periods of improvement, according to Investopedia. It should also be noted that North Korea is very private when it comes to its economical records since they haven’t released any reliable data on the state of their economy. The statements previously made in this paragraph can’t fully be trusted due to the lack of dependable sources. (www.in vestopedia.com) HISTORICAL OVERVIEW After World War II, Korea was split up into two regions, North and South Korea. North Korea emerged as a communist country in 1948 under Kim II-sung. In 1950, the Korean War began when North Korean forces marched into areas of South Korea. This was seen as an invasion and chaos followed. The fighting among the two sides continued until an armistice was signed in July 1953. Even though the fighting came to a halt, theShow MoreRelatedKorean Relations And Reunification Of Korea Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reunification of Korea Even though Korea is separated for seventy years, Korean people seem to be getting used to the fact that their country is divided in half. Maybe that’s because Koreans cannot feel separation in everyday lives. However, due to the division of South and North Korea, both countries are spending needless and considerable amount of money on military expenditures, which is all burdens for the citizens in both countries. Also, due to the poor status of North Korea’s economy, variousRead MoreInter Korean Relations And Reunification Of Korea Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reunification of Korea Even though Korea is separated for seventy years, Korean people seem to be getting used to the fact that their country is divided in half. Maybe that’s because Koreans cannot feel separation in everyday lives. However, due to the division of South and North Korea, both countries are spending needless and considerable amount of money on military expenditures, which is all burdens for the citizens in both countries. Also, due to the poor status of North Korea’s economy, variousRead MoreDefense Strategy Essay 11642 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of United States policy options for North Korean nuclear and strategic missile capabilities 16 February 2014 Benjamin J. McClellan CPT, USAR North Korea’s nuclear and strategic missile capabilities present grave challenges to regional security. Pyongyang’s propensity to export its weapons also threatens the global non-proliferation regime. Despite economic impoverishment and an inability to feed its people, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea remains heavily armed and ready to fire firstRead MoreNorth Korea Is A Rogue State Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages North Korea is a rogue state. A nation whose actions and behavior could set off a deadly regional conflict. A conflict which could involve the use of nuclear warheads, cause massive loss of life. Since the end of the Korean War tensions have run high between North Korea and the surrounding countries. The biggest cause for concern for the U.S. and South Korea is North Korea’s continual test of nuclear weapons paired with its aggressive behavior towards its regional neighbors. North Korea’s irrationalRead MoreTotalitarian Soci eties By George Orwell1342 Words   |  6 Pagesperfect real life example that directly correlates with this book’s fictional society is the country of North Korea. North Korea and the fictional society portrayed in 1984 share similar dystopian characteristics including propaganda, restricted freedom, and idolizing a figurehead. The dystopian characteristic of propaganda is seen throughout the novel 1984 and the communist country North Korea in order to control the citizens from rebelling the government, as well to show the power of the governmentRead MoreNorth Korea Government : Denuclearization Of The North Korean Government941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe North Korean Government A Think Tank Proposal With all the news these days about North Koreas testing of nuclear missiles and the political battles and verbal rhetoric over recent events it is probably best to review some history regarding this issue. As far back as the 1980s, there has been a question about North Korea and nuclear weapons. The initial concerns arose in the mid-1980s, under the Reagan administration with intelligence reports proposing the potential for North KoreanRead MoreNuclear Threats From North Korea1561 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear Threats from North Korea Describing the current issue: Isolated, underdeveloped, and strictly controlled by a regime, North Korea stands as the only totalitarian state to have survived a change in leadership (Behind the Wall†¦, 2012). North Korea maintains their control and power over the people through many different techniques: stranglehold on information, secret police, concentration camps, and control of the country’s economy. However there is one other factor that drives great fearRead MoreInternational Policy Essay816 Words   |  4 Pagesrecently returned to the United States from a 12-day trip across Asia and gave a speech, which did not contain the major statement he previously said it would, stating that his ‘America First’ foreign policy has restored a global respect for the United States that did not exist under past presidents. Trump also stated that he â€Å"united the world against North Korea† and also argued for more mutually beneficial trade with countries like China, as he believes cur rent trade patterns are harmful to America’s interestsRead More: Discuss the History of Korea and Its Impact on Koreas Culture, Politics and Business.1397 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Discuss the history of Korea and its impact on Korea’s culture, politics and business. Korea is a civilization and formerly unified nation currently divided into two states. Korean civilization is one of the oldest ancient civilizations in world history, and Korea has the oldest history in East Asia. * Gojoseon (National foundation in BC 2333 ) The first Korean kingdom Gojoseon was established on a flourishing bronze culture in BC 2333 by Dangun who was the legendary founder ofRead MoreCase Study Of The Iran Nuclear Program1603 Words   |  7 PagesGregory J. Abide Date: November 27th, 2017 PROBLEM: The current IAEA inspections to verify compliance of safe nuclear activities under the NPT do not provide timely enough detection to safeguard against military conversion by countries such as Iran. SOLUTION: The United States uses the Iran Deal and its attempted strengthening as the mechanism to modernize IAEA safeguards for all countries in order to save the NPT. BACKGROUND: The issues that have been encountered with the Iran nuclear program

What Did Greek Architecture Influence Roman Temples Essay

To What Extent Did Greek Architecture Influence Roman Temples Pengnanxi Wang Registration No: 150152532 Of all arts, Roman architecture were the most remarkable and original. Roman architecture took shape in a world that was already dominated both by the substance and idea of Greek achievement. Yet the relationship between Ancient Greek and Rome was not simply one of master to pupil, other cultures were involved as well such as the Etruscan civilization. Undoubtedly Ancient Greek and Etruscan architecture played a significant role in the evolution of Roman Temples, being the immediate predecessors, each with their unique architectural features and techniques. However, there’s also convincing evidence that other factors played a role. These would include the geological location, cultural context, and technological developments that happened within the Roman Empire. Greek architects produced some of the greatest and most influential buildings in the entire ancient world, and their most distinctive â€Å"Greek† building is the temple. The Greeks established the foundations for classical architectural orders, which in turn determined the future growth and form of all subsequent European architecture. The Greeks invented the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian order, and the Romans took from that and invented their own Tuscan and Composite orders. However, rather than their own inventions the Romans favoured the Greek Corinthian order the most, using it on most temples and importantShow MoreRelatedRoman Architecture : Greek Architecture1345 Words   |  6 PagesRoman architecture was a very large part of Roman culture. 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The Etruscan architecture, being influenced by the Greeks, had temples with stone foundations that wereRead MoreA Direct Reflection Of Roman Culture1067 Words   |  5 Pages Buildings were a direct reflection of Roman culture, Emperors throughout their history and the values of the Roman people which is why they are such a vital material remain for understanding Roman civilization. Certain building types have more significance in their correlation to Roman culture than others such as the Palace circus, brothels, and forums. Romans put a huge emphasis on entertainment as seen in the construction of amphitheaters, colosseums and circuses. In the case of circus’ it wasn’tRead MoreGreek and Roman Architectural Influences in Modern Society Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many imitations, and reproductions of Greek and Roman forms in the modern society of today. Even though the times of the great Ancient Greek and Roman Empires have passed, people of today are st ill able to honor their legacy with their long-lasting influences on modern society today, especially in architecture. If one just looks at today’s style of buildings, they can see the similarities between the two different time spans. Back in the golden days of Greece, one of the top prioritiesRead MoreRoman Culture And Western Civilization2038 Words   |  9 PagesAs the Romans held on to Greek culture so eagerly it quickly became the foundation of Roman culture. Roman forms of architecture evolved mostly from reshaping Greek models, but clearly stands apart from its ancestors. The Romans were quick to adopt new techniques in construction; new use of materials, and new architectural structures. The Romans made innovations to fully fulfill the practical needs for the society as a whole. Among these architectural changes basilicas, temples, amphitheaters, bridgesRead MoreAncient Greece And Rome During The World851 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Greece and Rome are some of the most famous time periods in the world, but what influenced them? Ancient Greece lasted roughly from 1000-400 B.C.E while ancient Rome was from 753 B.C.-476 A.D (Cole and Symes, 75). The Greek alphabet was influenced by Phoenician sea traders and their art was mostly influenced by Egypt and western Asia. On the other hand, Rome was influenced by the Greek and derived the alphabet, many of their religious beliefs, and much of their art (Cole and Symes, 147)Read MoreColosseum, Arch of Titus, Basilica of Constantine, Palace of Docletian1354 Words   |  5 Pagescustoms. Much of those influences have arisen by no other than the contributions done by Rome. Rome has not only shaped a significant amount of the Western civiliza tion in various ways such as the architecture, forming of a republic, diffusion of culture, and spread of Christianity, but has also shaped the entire way of living done throughout the civilization. The Romans were known for having original ideas, being initiative, and finding ways to creating never before done architecture. It was so wellRead MoreNeoclassical Architecture and Its Foundations2065 Words   |  9 PagesNeo-Classical Architecture and its Foundations Classical architecture is something that almost anyone can appreciate because there are traces of it everywhere. Greek and Roman cultures have had a major influence on todays architecture but it all stems from the classical architecture that was created centuries ago. The present example is Neoclassical Architecture which first appeared in 18th century France and in America, it was promoted by the legendary Thomas Jefferson as the Federal styleRead MoreCultural Context Of The Temple Of Athena1745 Words   |  7 PagesCoventry University 194 BE Cultural Context Temple Of Hera in the history Discuss the influence of culture to a classic building Liujingya 2016-4-21 6714415 â€Æ' Contents ï  ¬ Introduction ï  ¬ Main body 1. Establishment of the temple 2. Related politics and art 3. Culture development ï  ¬ Conclusion Cultural influence of the temple of Hera It is very clear that ancient buildings can be a part of the evidence to show what happed in the history. As a part of ancient culture, architecturalRead MoreRoman Architecture : Architecture And Structure1753 Words   |  8 Pages2010 Jun 09 Roman Architecture and Structure Roman architecture followed the heritage of earlier Greek architects. The Romans had respect for the Greek s architectural traditions, order, and design. The Romans were innovators that had the adaptability to use and improve existing techniques as well as new and existing material to create some of the most famous architectural structures like the temple, triumphal arch, and amphitheater. As time advanced so did the society needs of the Romans and with

Water Necessitates Construction Procedures â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Water Table Necessitates Construction Procedures? Answer: Introducation Structure locale: the shopping centre structure will be located in 87 Northlakes Drive in Cameron Park, New South Wales putting its streetscape between Northlakes Drive, Elanet Avenue and will border the IGA Cameron Park to the west. Only the basement will be below ground and the building will extend to two floors above ground.Entry: the entry location of the shipping centre will be on the Northlakes Drive which is shown in site plan. This is because Northlakes Drive is at a relatively lower risk of traffic congestion compared to Elanet Avenue which has 2 intersections at a distance of less than 100m from each other. Also, it is easier to access with the presence of a roundabout nearby from which vehicles can use to access the site.Exit: the preferable exit location will be on Elanet Avenue which is shown in the site plan. This is because the avenue leads to the nearby roundabout from which clients can disperse to their various directions.Location of Basement: it will utilize the who le plot area so that parking spaces are maximized; the site will have a perimeter with a 2m offset distance inwards in order to ensure utilization of the pathway during and after construction.Soil typeMechanical operations: there will be a combination of natural ground types: soft sandy top soil with some organic matter, medium dense, firm ground fine to coarse sand with fine gravel, medium dense becoming dense grey fine to coarse angular to sub rounded flint gravel with cobbles, and a trace of sand.Strength properties: the larger portion of the ground is closely dense, necessitating a reinforced foundation. A shallow foundation best suits this type of profile.Water tableThe water table, initially 4m deep, rose to 2.5m in a relatively short time of 50 minutes during boring. The reduced level is +28.5m from sea level. This necessitates careful attention to the pumping and drainage of the ground water and water proofing Clear siteVegetation clearing: 10 trees, 11 trees below 0.5m, 7 t rees 0.5 1m.Tree removal: for trees less than or equal to 0.5m is $162 each; for trees 0.5-1m, $162 each. Therefore, the cumulative cost of tree removal is $2916. Methodological Analysis: Mechanical Plants (Fixed Plants): Backacter excavator: The depth capacity of this excavator ranges from 6 to 7m with a possible load haul rate of 40 cycles per hour making the giving it a possible excavated volume per hour of between 4-72m2. It operates by picking soil from above it, reaching soil below it, at the same level and in a backward direction. Its cost is $510 per day. Front shovel excavator: The volumetric capacity of this excavator ranges from 0.3 to 6m3 with a possible load haul rate of 80 cycles per hour making the giving it a possible excavated volume per hour of between 24-480m2. It operates by picking soil from below it, reaching soil below it, soil at the same level and in a forward direction. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Bucket wheel excavator: The this excavator consists of up to 20 buckets per wheel, each of which could have up to 15m3 capacity with a possible load haul rate of 100-12,500m3 per hour. They have varying boom lengths ranging from 6-80m. This makes them fairly capable of excavating material up to 240,000m2. It operating by picking soil from ground above it, picking soil from below ground (from above), soil at the same level and soil in a backward or forwards direction. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Summary: A Front shovel excavator would be most practical because of its capacity and haul rate and also because of the relative ease of excavation in a directional manner which would suit this particular site. Mechanical Plants (Moving Plants): Tracked shovel loader: this plant is capable of a variety of tasks including excavation, moving and loading although not specialized for any of them. It can excavate to a depth of 1m below it and can lift up to a height of 4.5m. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Bulldozer: this plant is capable of a variety of tasks including excavation up to 300mm, clearing trees and vegetation, moving and loading rubble. This makes them perfect for site stripping, levelling the site and earthmoving. Its bucket has a capacity of 3.7-5.6m3. Pricing information for this specific type of excavator is $804 per day. Scrapper: These have a carrying capacity of between 6-50m3. It is useful for site levelling and stripping with an excavation depth of up to 300mm. It is perfect for discharging materials after collecting and moving it. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Summary: we conclude that a scrapper may not be suitable for the site due to the size of the site. A bulldozer on the other hand may be disqualified due to the fact that it is limited to moving and loading. This makes the tracked loader the most suitable mechanical plant for the job. Material Handling and Transporting Plant: Dump Trucks: These can be tractors or trailers that have different discharge options which include sideways, front tipping and elevated dumping. They also have different carrying capacities ranging from 5-30m3. They transport materials on and off-site and can cover a distance of 0.8-10km. They are the largest material transport equipment on road. No pricing information is contained in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Industrial trucks: These are trucks not licensed to use the public network of roads. Their carrying capacities range from 3-68m3. They transport materials on site where other transporting options are impractical but disposal is within the site or does not require use of public roads. They can cover a distance of 0.8-10km. No pricing information for this specific type of loader is contained in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Railway: These have varying carrying capacities depending on the length of the carriages and their total number. They transport materials off site where the distance is long other transporting options are uneconomic. The disposal location is usually relatively far away from the site. They carry the most amount of material at a go. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Summary: it is difficult to give an accurate judgement as the disposal location and its distance from the site is unknown. The dump truck would be the best option for a nearby disposal location but it is far, it could be combined with the railway system. Earth Retention System: Sheet piles: these are steel sheet piles specifically fabricated offsite to link together forming a continuous wall. Can be permanent or temporary (reusable) with the advantage of being light weight and strong tensile strength. Their disadvantages include noise pollution, cost, water seepage and obstruction by hard material in the ground. Their cost $652 per m3. Bored piles: these are concrete piles specifically fabricated offsite to link together forming a continuous wall. Can also consist of primary piles with secondary linking piles between them. Their advantage is low noise and vibrations, minimal excavation needed and they perfect for small sites. Their disadvantages include slow boring process, relatively weaker vertical joints and lower tensile strength. Their cost is up to $318 per m3. Diaphragm: these are concrete walls made of trenches that are first filled with slurry for support then reinforcement lowered and concrete placed once depth is achieved to displace the slurry. Their advantage is low noise and vibrations, impermeability for water tightness, and can serve as footings. Their disadvantage is their high cost. Their cost $350 per m3. Summary: a diaphragm is the best option due to its impermeability as the water table may rise in the site, durability and structural strength. Ground water control: Sump pumping: this method includes the utilization of a shaft or sump pump to collect the water and pump it into a different part of the site or containment system. Their advantages are that the capacities of the pumps can vary depending on the amount of work. It is also an inexpensive method of dewatering. It is however time consuming and can be affected by seepage. Their price varies from $74.17-$254 per day. Well point systems: this system consists of a collecting intake strainers in the ground connected to a suction pipe which are then connected to a header pipe. A filter media is introduced all around the pipe and strainer. The water pumped out by a Well point pump connected to the header pipe. They are economically sound, cost effective and can be used either on a temporary or long-term basis. Pumping is however noisy causing noise pollution. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Summary: a Well point pump is expedient as it is both cost effective and practical for a large construction site with large volumes of water. Basement Construction Method: Open cut: This method of construction is suitable for very large sites that are open and unobstructed. They require minimal lateral protection and have minimal special provisions too. They however require large and heavy machinery and material is removed by use of a ramp. Bottom-up: This method of construction is suitable for small open sites and is adaptable to a vast range of environments. They require small to medium sized machinery and material is removed by use of a bucket system or staged platform. They require minimal special provisions too. They however require extensive lateral protection Top-down: This method of construction is suitable for large sites and is adaptable to a vast range of environments. They require small to medium sized machinery and material is removed by use of a bucket system or staged platform. They require minimal lateral protection where shoring is only implemented when the need arises. However, this approach necessitates extensive vertical support on a temporary basis. Summary: we disqualify the open cut method due to the obstructions in form of diaphragm wall and the top-down method too as the site is small. Bottom-up method will be used. Foundation Construction: Pad footing: is a remote footing limited to just one column. It is cheap, consumes less material and good for hard ground. It his however not applicable in cohesionless soils. Their cost is $204 without reinforcement and $292 per m3 with reinforcement. Raft footing: is a slab-like footing covering a wide area and contains more than one column. It is good for medium to hard soils and the footing can act both as a slab and foundation. It is also lightweight. It is however time consuming and not good for cohesionless soils. Their cost is $204 without reinforcement and $261 per m3 with reinforcement. Strip footing: this is a foundation that is continuous along the load path and goes around the structures perimeter. It is relatively stronger than pad and raft footing and good for both medium and hard soils. They are however the most complicated foundation types. Their cost is $270 without reinforcement and $273 per m3 with reinforcement. Summary: strip footing is advisable due to its durability and strength over pad and raft footing. It is also economic in comparison to the other methods. Reinforcement will be used. Deep foundation: This is not necessary as the soil in the site is stable and cohesive. Basement slab: In situ concrete: this is a concrete element that is cast progressively in place over timber formwork or metal moulds. It is usually 150mm thick but the thickness can vary depending on the nature of work and the strength required. Its strength and setting time can also be varied by using a variety of admixtures. Their cost is $209 per m3 without reinforcement and $292 per m3 with reinforcement. Precast concrete: this is a concrete element that cast away from the site in moulds. It is usually 150mm thick but the thickness can vary depending on the nature of work and the strength required. Its strength and setting time can also be varied by using a variety of admixtures. Their cost is $120 for waffle slab and $300 per m3 for solid filled block inclusive of moulds, reinforcement and fixing. Summary: in situ concrete is favourable as a chemical bond is desired with the diaphragm to maximize on its strength providing a strong retaining wall. Drainage: Tanking: this is a method of installing an impermeable layer either on the internal or external side of a basement or foundation. When applied internally, water getting in is directed to a discharge point. When applied externally, a geomembrane is usually added as a drain with water being collected into a sump for pumping out or discharge. It can accommodate high water table levels with the drawback of noisy pumping. Their cost ranges from $12-38 per m2 as in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Cavity drainage: this is where a waterproof layer is installed consisting of membrane with gaps for water collection and direction into a sump. It also has an insulating layer and a dry soft board. It is quick to install while providing an unnoticeable and adaptable front face. It is however unsuitable where water table is high or where floors and walls are not impermeable. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Exterior foundation drain: this utilises a porous soil or rock layer adjacent to the external walls of a basement and waterproofing membrane layer on the underside of the foundation. It drains water relatively fast but is not applicable where the water table is high. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Summary: we can conclude that external tanking best suits this foundation as the water table may rise above the foundation level. Waterproofing Membrane: Polymer Membrane: this is a solid but flexible impermeable material that can be used for complex structural environments and under the slab. Its drawback is the relatively longer installation time. Its cost is $26.32 per m2 for solid filled block inclusive of moulds, reinforcement and fixing. Styrofoam Membrane: this is a solid but flexible impermeable material that can be used under the slab. Its drawback is that it cannot be used for complex structural environments and the relatively longer installation time. Pricing information is not available in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Bituminous paint: this is an impermeable liquid paint that is applicable in complex structural environments but not under the slab. Its cost is $10.77 per m2 for solid filled block inclusive of moulds, reinforcement and fixing. Summary: a polymer membrane should be used as it is applicable under the slab and also because the site will be a complex environment. Columns: Reinforced concrete: could be in situ or precast and their strength varies with the type of cement and admixtures used. They are also durable with their main challenge being the cost. Their price ranges from $201-$273 per m3 (inclusive of reinforcement) in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010. Steel: These are cold worked steel bars usually 150mm by 150mm. They are moulded offsite and have medium strength. Their drawback is the relatively lower compressive strength and higher rate of corrosion. Their price is $247 per m2. Timber: can be wooden cylindrical poles or square with sides 100mm by 100mm. They are generally weak and prone to corrosion. Their price is $38 per m2. Brick/Block: these are made of interlocking bricks or ordinary masonry bricks and can be circular or rectangular. They are generally strong and durable but consume a lot of time. Their price is $60 per m2. Summary: In situ cast reinforced concrete columns will be used to ensure strong chemical joints with the base plate and because of their durability. Suspended slab: In situ concrete: this is a concrete element that cast progressively in place over timber formwork or metal moulds. Their cost is $209 per m3 without reinforcement and $221 per m3 with reinforcement. Precast concrete: this is a concrete element that cast away from the site in moulds. Their cost is $185 for waffle slab and $300 per m3 for solid filled block inclusive of moulds, reinforcement and fixing. Summary: precast waffle slab is favourable as due to the cost effectiveness, light weight, less installation time and ease of installation. Conclusion Construction will utilize a diaphragm wall because of its strength, impermeability and durability over the other methods. Strip footing foundation is to be used because of its relatively higher strength and ease of use in a large site. During and after excavation, a well point system of drainage will be used to lower the ground water level due to its time and cost saving attribute. It will be used in combination with a polymer membrane to waterproof the building due to its applicability in complex structural environments. The ground slab will be cast in situ while the suspended slab precast and these will be held up by reinforced concrete columns cast in situ to maximize on strength through better chemical bonds. References: Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, 2014. Building Cost Index 2014. s.l.:AIQS. Bartholomew, S. H., 2000. Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction, CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bowles, J. E. 1988. Foundation Analysis and Design. McGraw-Hill Dernee, Michael, n.d. Assignment 2: Basement Construction. Dr. Patrick Tang, School of Architecture and the Built Environment. https://www.academia.edu/7570121/Construction_Technology_3_Assignment_2_Basement_Construction https://ausheet.com.au/service/well-point-dewatering/ well point dewatering https://www.basements.org.uk/TBIC/Design/Structural-design/Grades-of-basement.aspx https://www.basementconstruction.com.au/ business services/#design-and-construct-services https://www.cellars.co.uk/systems/internal-cavity-drainage-basement-systems internal cavity drainage. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Earth-moving_plant https://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy-equipment/earthmoving-mining https://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy-equipment/excavation-trenching https://mwicorp.com/5-ways-to-control-groundwater-during-excavation/ https://www.safeguardeurope.com/applications/new-basements Koerner, R.M. (1985). Construction and Geotechnical Methods in Foundation Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York. Koerner, R.M. (1999). Design with Geosynthetics. Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Leonards, G.A. (1962). Foundation Engineering, McGraw Hill. Maloney, M., Skinner, H., Vaziri, M. Windle, J., 2009. Reducing the Risk of Leaking Substructure, s.l.: Institute of Civil Engineers. Mathew, T. V. Rao, K. V. K., 2007. Introduction to Transportational Engineering. s.l.:NPTEL. Merritt, Frederick S., Ricketts, Jonathan T., 1994 Building design and construction handbook, USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publi Murthy, V. NWaterproofing Membrane:. S., 2002. Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechnaics and Foundation Engineering. New York: CRC Press Management. Peurifoy Schexnayder, 2002. Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods, 6th edition: McGraw Hill Preene, M., 2016. Groundwater Control in Urban Areas, s.l.: Institute of Civil Engineers. Rawlinsons Group, 2010. Rawlinson's Australian Construction Handbook. Perth, W.A.: House Publishing Russel, P., n.d. Research Report: Advances in Basement, Ontario: Canadian Housing Information Centre. Tovey, A. (2002). Design Issues in Domestic Basements: Structure and Water-Resistance. Concrete. March 2002: The Concrete Society. Valley, M., 2009. Foundation Analysis and Design. s.l.:s.n. Wang, C.-K., C. G. Salmon. 1992. Reinforced Concrete Design: HarperCollins. Windle, J., Chapman, T. Anderson, S., 2007. Reuse of Foundations, London: CIRIA.